Carpentry and joinery

In all men in varying degrees laid the makings for this work. You only need a little acquainted with the special literature devoted to carpentry and joinery works. Here we give only the basics.


Materials and tools

The basic material for carpentry and joinery - timber and lumber. The quality of wood depends on the type of wood .- K coniferous species are: pine, fir, larch, fir, cedar. Pine wood has good mechanical properties, in connection with what is widely used in construction, furniture manufacturing, etc.

On physical and mechanical properties of spruce pine is inferior, but the quality factor slightly exceeds it. Fir wood Planes harder wood of pine, as it has more knotty. Advantages: The homogeneity of the structure, continuing a long time, white, small resinous, high ability to resonate.

Larch wood has a high physical and mechanical properties superior to about 30% in strength and density of pine. Is resistant to rot, a relatively small gnarled. Used in building construction, where high strength and resistance to decay.

Fir wood has significantly reduced the physical and mechanical properties compared to spruce wood (density and compressive strength is lower by 15-25%, while static bending - up to 20%, impact strength, 50%).

Cedar wood is soft, lightweight, easily processed. On physical and mechanical properties intermediate between the wood of Siberian spruce and fir, but resistance to rot above.

For deciduous species include oak, ash, birch, linden, beech and oak, etc. has a high strength and toughness, resistance to rot, the ability to bend, has a beautiful texture and color. Used in carpentry, furniture and parquet industries in the manufacture of veneer sheets, etc.

Wood ash has high strength and toughness, quite a beautiful structure, little is prone to cracking, good bend. Strength under static bending, toughness and hardness of face above an average of 15% compared with the oak wood.

Birch wood is highly durable, uniform structure and color, medium density and hardness, but low resistance to decay. It is used in furniture manufacturing, construction parts, veneer sheets, plywood, tree-snotruzhechnyh plates, etc.

Linden wood has low mechanical properties similar to the aspen, it is soft, lightweight, uniform structure, in connection with what is widely used in the manufacture of wooden ware, carvings, boxes, tables, etc.

Beech wood is very strong, beautiful structure on a radial cut, but low resistance to decay. In comparison with oak wood density, hardness and compressive strength along the fibers of less than about 2-10%, strength at static bending and impact strength are almost identical. Used in the manufacture of bent furniture, for the manufacture of veneer, hardwood products, etc.

Wood has some flaws and defects, such as the knotty, cracks, sbezhnost, zakomelistost, build-rounded and ribbed, simple or complex curvature, ovality trunk inclination of fibers, curls, eyes, and zasmolok, core, bark, spotted, inner sapwood , chemical stains, fungal lesions, worm, charred, deformation, etc. Some of these defects may be insignificant influence on product quality, while others make the material unsuitable for the job. For carpentry and joinery are most suitable dry softwood. Well-seasoned wood pure planing, firmly glued together, does not warp or crack, well kept in her paint.

Timber - a material obtained by the transverse and longitudinal cutting fallen trees and their parts. They differ in appearance and method of processing. According to the method of machining timber divided into round, sawn, rotary cut, sliced, chopped and shredded.

Depending on the destination of timber assortments length ranges from 0.5 to 14 m or more. Saw logs of coniferous species have a length 4-6,5 m, hardwoods - no less than 3 m with gradation 0,5 m. The width of the timber divided into small - thickness from 6-8 to 13 cm, the average -14-24 cm, large - from 26 cm or more.

Lumber can be divided into the boards and planks. Timber - lumber thickness and width of 100 mm. Accordingly, the number of sides sawn boards are: dvuhkantnye, trehkantnye, chetyrehkantnye.

Boards - lumber thickness up to 100 mm, and width - more than twice the thickness. Bars - Timber, excluding aircraft, have a thickness of 100 mm and a width of no more than twice the thickness, ie up to 200 mm. Lagging - lumber produced from the side of the timber and having a propylene and other sawn or partially sawn surface. Sleepers - timber in the form of a bar, having a large cross-section.

By the size of general-purpose timber is divided into thin - thick and 32 mm inclusive and thick - the thickness of 35 mm or more (deciduous), 40 mm or more (conifers). Along the length of hardwood lumber is divided into short - from 0,5 to 0,9 m, medium-1-1, 9 m long, 2-6, 5 pm softwood conventional division along without.

Plywood panels. Veneer is obtained by gluing three or more layers of veneer sheets. On the number of layers of veneer distinguish three-, five-and plywood.

Plywood over timber has the following advantages: it has almost equal strength in all directions and little buckle and crack-through cracks in it does not happen, plywood sheets are large, easy to bend and convenient for transportation.

Plywood manufactured from birch, alder, ash, elm. oak, beech, linden, aspen, poplar, maple, spruce, pine, fir, cedar and larch in the form of sheets of thickness - from 2 to 18 mm in width - from 725 to 1525 mm and lengths - from 1220 to 2440 mm.

Also manufactured plywood, lined with sliced veneer, thickness from 4 to 10 mm in width -725-1220 mm and a length - 1525-1830 mm, decorative plywood thickness from 3 mm to 12 mm, bakelite plywood, birch plywood, plywood boards. Paws glaciers are made of seven or more layers of veneer glued together with synthetic adhesive, thickness - 8 to 45 mm, a width of -100 - 1526 and long - 1220-2300 mm.

Fibreboard are composed of crushed cane and fires, mixed with various adhesives and pressed under high pressure. Size: thickness - from 3 to 25 mm in width - from 1200 to 1600, the length - from 1 200 to 3 600 mm. Manufacture of superhard, semi-solid, insulating and finishing.

Chipboard manufactured by hot pressing plane, fine particles of wood, mixed with a synthetic binder. Chipboard can be used to manufacture furniture for the garden house, walls and flooring, interior partitions.

Plates produce multi-layered, three-layer and single layer length - 2440-5500, -2440 width, thickness from 10 to 25 mm. Produce wooden slabs unlined or lined with one or two sides sliced veneer.

Clay. For bonding wood adhesives used bone, hide, casein and synthetic.

Clay mezdrovy derived from protein waste leather and kozhesyrevyh plants. Divided into hard and galertu (glutinous jelly). Used for gluing wooden parts are not exposed to moisture.

Clay bone produce tiles, crushed, granulated, flake, galertoy. In the manufacture of hide glue absorbs water 6-10 times, bone - in 3-7 times its weight. Swollen adhesive is heated to 70-80 ° C. Operating temperature solution of bone glue should be 40-60 ° C, hide -50 - 70 ° C.

Casein glue - is a powder that contains all the necessary components (except water). A working solution of glue is prepared by mixing the powder with water in casein ratio 1:1,7 - 2,3. Shelf-life adhesive powder -6 months. Viability of casein glues depending on the recipe -4-7 pm

Synthetic adhesives constitute the whole group, which includes urea adhesives, phenol formaldehyde adhesives, phenol formaldehyde adhesives film, film-melaminoformalde gidnye adhesives, dispersion adhesives, universal glue "Bustilat-M, glue thread KH-54, the melt glue.

Urea adhesives produces several brands. For example, glue K-17 consists of the same name by resin MF-17, 50% solution of ammonium chloride or 10% solution of oxalic acid and filler, which may be wood flour, rye or wheat flour, starch and Technology. Clay K-17 is divided into two types: hot and cold gluing. Used mainly for wrapping and gluing parts of furniture units.

Clay M-60 is prepared as two types: for hot and cold hardening. Clay MG-60 is used for skleivaniyadetaley furniture in the production of joinery and chipboard.

Clay M-70 is prepared based on urea resins, MG-70 for hot and MX-70-cold-hardening. Clay MG-20 has a high cure rate (30-40). Clay MX-70 is used for bonding at 20-25 ° C.

Resin KF-M universal and used as adhesives for veneering shield elements, glued finger joint, ply-curve parts, solid wood.

Fenolformaldegidnye adhesives prepared from fenolformalde-gidnoy resin supplied in liquid form. To prepare the glue on the spot in the resin curing agent is administered. Adhesives from phenolic resins gasoline, heat, acid and completely water resistant. They provide a strong adhesive bond, but harmful in the manufacture and expensive. Clay CB-3 and VIAM F-9 is widely used for cold and warm (70 ° C) bonding wood, rigid foams, metals (through the underlayer of glue CF-2).

Resin C-50-soluble and is designed for hot-gluing plywood, wood panels, as well as the manufacture of film adhesives. CBT resin is of low toxicity, and therefore allowed for bonding food packaging. Film phenol formaldehyde adhesives are also known as resin film grades A, B and C. resin film - it is specially impregnated with water or alcohol-soluble phenol-formaldehyde resin film designed dl "layered adhesive bonding wood, wrapping, gluing the inner layers of paper and laminates, as well as a sublayer in the chipboard in finishing their textured papers. Film melamine Clelia, prepared on the basis of similar resins are used for wrapping furniture parts wood products and paper. In the process of compaction under the influence of temperature and pressure dry adhesive composition, impregnated paper, is melted, wets the bonding surfaces and then hardens.

Dispersion adhesives are colloidal systems in which the solid polymer particles are uniformly distributed in a liquid dispersion medium. The most common adhesive dispersion based on vinyl acetate polymers or derivatives of rubber latex. PVAD - coarse homopolymeric polyvinyl tsetatnaya variance. It is used for bonding finger joint, attaching a facing layer of paper-based films, and decorative paper and laminates, fabrics, foams and other materials to the wood detail. In appearance the variance is a viscous white liquid with no lumps and foreign matter. It is easy to use and less harmful than other resins.

Adhesives based on rubber latex is used for wrapping polyvinylchloride (PVC) film shield elements, adhesive flooring.

Universal glue "Bustilat-M is a water emulsion composition. Clay frost, harmless neogneopasen, easy to use, dries in 1-3 days, waterproof after drying. Indoor air temperature when bonding should not be below 15 ° C. Designed to be glued synthetic diapers rugs, linoleum, PVC films on fabric-based, washable wallpaper, tiles ceramic tiles.

Glue thread KH-54 is designed to rebroskleivaniya strips of veneer and paper texture of the films in full-format sheets. Represents a thermoplastic coating uniformly applied to the glass thread. In the process rebroskleivaniya adhesive thread is heated to melt the polyamide resin. Thread using a special device placed on the leaf surface and roll cold-rolling. In this case, the alloy solidifies and thread firmly glues strips of material.

Preparation of bone and hide glue. To prepare the glue of the normal density of 1 part bone glue takes 1-1,5 parts water and 1 part hide glue - 2-3 parts water.

Cook (melt) glue on a pair in kleyanke consisting of two vessels. In large container pour the water into which puts less container with glue. Tile adhesive chopping into small pieces, pour the right amount of cold, it is better boiled, water, and put to swell for 10-12 h. Dishes with swollen glue put on the lining thickness of 1-3 cm into the vessel with water, and kleyanku - on fire. Swollen glue melts at 60-70 ° C. During the melting of the glue mix, and the foam from the surface is removed.

To increase the safety of the glue in the warm season, it should be kept in the refrigerator. Congealed glue necessarily warm up for a couple. To check the thickness of glue should be in it to dip the spatula or a stick. Normal density of the adhesive flowing smooth continuous transmission stream. Liquid adhesive flowing fast jet and dense - stretches of non-uniform jet with clots.

In the preparation of casein glue the latter does not boil, and pour water and mix. At 1 mass part of the dry casein glue take 1.8 mass parts of water at 20-30 ° C. Clay stirred for 20-30 minutes, thoroughly mash lumps. If the glue has turned clotted, its filter. Foam from the surface of the adhesive should be removed. The mixed adhesive can be applied within 8 hours

Synthetic adhesives are prepared in accordance with instructions for their use and preparation, attached to these adhesives.

Bonding technique. Process technology bonding material consists of the following operations: selection and training of bonded materials, gluing, pressing and holding pressure, holding after bonding.

Bonded parts should be well treated in accordance with the drawings, be smooth, krylovatost should not exceed 2 mm per 1,000 mm in length. On bonded surfaces are not permitted oil stains, dust and other contaminants. Humidity details must be within 8 ± 2%. Glue sticks strata in blocks, bars and the edges are glued to the edge of panel layout elements and parts of cold and heating the adhesive layer. Cold method requires prolonged exposure to the adhesive, but in the garden construction it is most common, although it has low productivity.

Apply the adhesive luchinkoy, Chips, brush with stiff hair or linden bast. Bonded parts of the product adhesive plaster, kept them for about three minutes to glue a little soaked, thickened and squeezed under compression or press fitting. If mounting to perform within the specified time, the glue will thicken and may be completely squeezed under compression, leading to incomplete bonding.

Important for bonding is the concentration and viscosity of the adhesive, which determines the consumption of it. For synthetic adhesives dry matter content, depending on the brand of glue - 57-63%, the concentration of glyutinovyh adhesives - 33-60%. The optimum thickness of the adhesive layer-0 ,08-0, 15 mm. Consumption of glue when bonding (g/m2) urea glue, PVA-variance -100-180;-melt glue -140 - 260; glyutinovy glue -300-400; casein glue - 250-350.

When gluing unheated adhesive layers holding pressure when working with UF glyutinovymi and casein glues - 4-6 hours, PVAc-dispersion - less than 2 hours Curing adhesives can be significantly accelerated by heating them to a certain temperature. When the air temperature, "room is not below 18 ° C and relative humidity above 65% of the duration of exposure after bonding, depending on the applied adhesive is: when bonding adhesives, UF M-60, KF-M - no less than a day, carbo-midnym fast setting adhesive SFK -70 - not less than 2 hours after gluing glyutinovymi and casein glues extract 1-2 days. In carpentry paste various overhead decorative (beadings) and structural details in finished form on the individual surfaces. Glued decorative details WPA-dispersion polyester, epoxy and other adhesives having adhesion to wood and lacquer finish. Then parts pressed studs.

For decorative and upholstery fabrics are used, plastic, metals and other materials are glued to the wood with special adhesives, such as BF-4 glue 88, epoxy and urea cold hardening.