Foundations

Stability and durability of the summer garden shed depend on the bases. Therefore the choice of type of foundation, the depth of its inception not only requires very careful attention, but also knowledge of the properties of soil, on which rests the base of foundation, level of groundwater at the site, as well as the depth of soil freezing. In the practice of construction are following primers foundation. Rocky bottoms - the best reason, because you can lay the foundation directly on its surface regardless of depth of soil freezing in the construction area.


Gristly primers (poluskalnye, gravel, broken stone) also allow us to ignore the depth of soil freezing. Depth of laying the foundation enough 50 cm

Sandy soils are well passed the water, well-compacted under load and slightly frozen, which allows to lay the foundations to a depth of 40 to 70 cm regardless of the depth of freezing.

Clay soils can shrink, blur, and the freezing of slough. Sandy loam and loam are intermediate between clay and sand. For fine silty sand, sandy loam, clay loam and the depth of laying the foundations was adopted in view of the groundwater level, namely: if the groundwater level is below 2 m from the freezing depth, laying the foundation to not less than 70 cm from the planning of ground marks. If the groundwater level is closer than 2 m to the depth of frost penetration reaches it, the depth of laying the foundation should not be less than the estimated depth of soil freezing.

Data on the basis of foundation, depth of soil freezing and the level of groundwater contained in the report on engineering survey on the area of gardening association. If such data exist, they can learn by digging trench in the garden area. May be the data and design institute in the design of construction projects in the region.

The depth of soil freezing in the territory of Kazakhstan is varies from north to south of the country. For example, in cities such as Petropavlovsk, Kostanay, Pavlodar, it reaches 200-210 cm, Aktobe, Karaganda - 180-190 cm, Uralsk - 160 cm, Aral, Balkhash - 140 cm, Guriev - 120 cm, Taldy-Kurgan - 110 cm, Jambul, Alma-Ata - 90-100 cm, Shymkent - about 70 cm

Unsuitable as a basis peatlands, silts, and fine and silty sand mixed with silt or clay, as the wet form quicksand. These soils need to be replaced sand pads of coarse-grained sand. For this purpose, trenches or pits layers stacked sand thickness of 15-20 cm, ram it and watered.

During the construction of summer cottages used columnar, tape and foundations of different materials. Columnar foundations are more economical, especially when they lay the deep.

Poles may be stone, brick, concrete, rubble concrete, reinforced concrete and wood. They put on a distance from 1,5 to 2,5 m from each other at the corners of the house, at the intersection of walls, pillars under the framework, or carrying heavy piers, purlins, beams and other places where the load.

The foundations of stone and brick pillars made of a rubble stone, stone-limestone, well-fired red brick, the best iron ore. Dimensions of the pillars of rubble stone for garden houses made of bricks taken 60X60 cm, and the brick pillars - 51X51 cm under the light-frame building corner pillars of brick can be 38X38 cm, and intermediate - 38X25 cm

The foundations of reinforced concrete columns may be monolithic and modular, though often in the construction of summer houses used monolithic. The width of the pillow should be taken for calculation, and the thickness of the pillars - 25X25 cm, with vertical reinforcement 10 mm in diameter, horizontal wire 6 mm in diameter, which should be located within 25 cm

Under the log-frame and wooden garden houses suit the foundations of the wooden chairs. Wood for chairs should take the butt of softwood (pine, larch) or oak diameter of at least 20 cm or more. To extend the life of such bases, wooden chairs antiseptic different drugs or are fired at a depth of 1,5-2 cm, promazyvayut hot bitumen roofing material and wrapped in two or three layers. Under the angles lodge chairs should bury at 125 cm, and the rest - at least 20-30 cm.

Chairs set, or directly on the ground or better on the large flat stones, compacted into the ground, the wooden lining-plate of the boards of a thickness not less than 10 cm, width - 20, length - 40-50 cm Pit to established chairs should fill the layers of soil to 15 -20 cm and densely compacted. The two upper soil layers to sleep with the addition of coarse gravel or crushed stone. Top set of chairs should be strictly aligned horizontally.

Most of the model projects the summer cottages have options to strip foundations. These foundations are strong, reliable, but require a lot of stuff. They are feasible for shallow burial, especially for garden houses with a basement.

Strip foundations of rubble made of different widths. When the depth of the 50-70 cm foundations should be laid over the entire depth. Of the foundation more than 70 cm in dry soils need to dig a trench to the required depth and at half the depth of layers of coarse sand pack with Tamping each layer, pre-irrigation water. On this pillow is placed rubble on a solution, laid down the thickness of 1-5 cm when masonry strip foundation thickness of 1 cm was adopted, and under a rock - up to 5 cm

Rubble concrete foundations are durable, strong. Filler for such foundations is crushed stone, gravel, brick-polovnyak, brick fight, etc. If the depth of burial of up to 1 m, the first dig a trench to be exactly the width of the basement, seal the bottom, then pour a 5-cm layer of cement mortar with the correct. At this layer put a layer of aggregate thickness of 15-25 cm and pour solution ram. If the width of the trench is more necessary or slopes, you should arrange the formwork of boards or panels. Recent removed no earlier than two weeks after the construction of the foundation.

For light frame houses can be applied sandy foundation. To do this, dig a trench to the required depth of the dense base. Then go to sleep coarse sand layers to 15 cm, watered and rammed. The width of the sand backfill shall be 10 cm wider than the wall. On top of compacted sand, gravel layer is placed 16-20 cm, stamps and pour cement and clay and cement-lime mortar grade of at least 10. Surface layer, which is lower by 15-20 cm above the ground, erecting brickwork at 14-20 cm above ground level. Then, make and erect basement waterproofing.

Cap - the upper, thinner part of the foundation, serving over land for 50-70 cm and more. It must be stable against precipitation, groundwater and solid. Therefore, for its construction, use stone, concrete, bricks, iron ore, and plastered with cement mortar of 1:3.

When the device between the last pier foundation instead of the cap suit zabirku of materials pier foundation or other materials. The width of the rubble zabirki take 25-30 cm brick - 1 / 2 bricks. Zabirki depth - 30-50 cm in clay soils under her pillow, make a sand thickness of 15-20 cm

To ventilate the underground on each side of the cap or zabirki should make one vent not less than 14X14 cm, located not less than 15 cm from ground level.

To drain rainfall from the foundation to make a blind area width from 50 to 100 cm with a bias away from home, equal to 0.1 (10 cm to 1 m wide). To do this around the base to remove a layer of soil to a depth of 10-15 cm, and lay a layer of soft clay and seal it. In excess of the clay layer to lay sand with gravel, crushed stone, brick fight, compacted and pour cement mortar, cover tsementogruntom, gruntoasfaltom.

To the house wall to protect from moisture, it is necessary to arrange a waterproofing at a height of 15-25 cm from the ground level of two layers of rolled materials (roofing, roofing, glassine) or as a screed thickness of 2 cm Arrange waterproofing and basement