Pairing timber elements

Bars, sticks, boards have a certain length, width, thickness. As a garden cottage construction of truckers use substandard material, there is a need to increase the length, width, thickness of material. This operation should be run so that the connection is a reliable and durable in use, technologically advanced in manufacturing, with a careful fit in place of conjugation. Below are the most common compounds.
Compounds in width. When connecting the narrow boards can get the right size billboards.


You can connect a different way: a rectangular, triangular, to dovetail on a smooth fugue, in the quarter, on the rail, the tongue and groove. When connecting to the smooth puffer each board or rack that connects to the shield, called allotments, and the seam formed when the compound of the plots - Fugue. To avoid warpage plots in the direction of the fibers are selected so that the mating edges were of the same name, ie, the sapwood to sapwood, heart-to heart, and the adjacent layers - mutually antithetical.


Different types of boards in connection shields

When connecting to the rail on the edges of the plots selected slots in which to insert strips, interconnecting plot. Groove width and thickness of the slats should be 1 / 3 of the plot.
When pairing a quarter in the connected plots selected along the length of the quarter. The depth and width of a quarter is usually half the thickness of the plot.

Combined in tongue and groove by selecting the entire length of the edge on one side plots groove, and with another - the ridge. This method is used to manufacture boards for flooring, parapet boards, skins, unit boarding ceiling, etc. Spikes in the dovetail is used in box-joints.

To shield is not 'Warp, connect them to the dowel, and attach the lugs to the tongue and groove slats with pasting in the butt. Glued slats can be made rectangular, triangular and pasted.

Compound intervals along the length of perhaps a different way: back to back in the groove, ridge, on the "conditions" on the gear adhesive joint, in the quarter, on the rail. The most durable - Gears adhesive bonding

Conjugation of larger segments of the length to obtain the necessary details called bonding. Spliced vpoldereva, prirubom oblique, direct and oblique overhead tension lock and butt. By bonding vpoldereva connection length 2-2,5 thickness timber. Connection staple pins.


Ways of matching wooden elements

Connection with an oblique prirubom facing thickness equal to 2,5-3 bar to its mounting pins are used. In designs in which there are expanding efforts to apply the compound directly or oblique rim locks. Compound through consignment lock should be placed on a pedestal, but in an oblique bill castle - at the supports.
Responsible for wood is not recommended to connect a direct or oblique locking, since they are difficult to fabricate, and, most importantly, of dried wood weakened wedges. Spliced butt in those cases when the two beams at their ends lie on the stand. The ends of the boards unite closely and then fastened straps.

Corner connection logs, timbers used in carpentry work in the construction of the walls bare, or chopped, the device top or bottom of studs in the frame houses and other wooden structures. The main types of carpentry connections - connections vpoldereva, vpolulapu, spikes, angle dovetail.

Vrubka vpoldereva accomplished by cutting half the thickness at the ends of the connection bars. After cutting the ends connecting at right angles. Pairing vpolulapu obtained at kickoff at the ends of the boards of inclined planes. The machined ends are tightly connect the boards. Vrubku angled dovetail is the same as vrubku vpoldereva, but additionally in one of the boards sawed piece of wood.

Cruciate soedaa ° of performing vpoldereva, Third and Fourthly tree, and also notched a single timber.


cruciform connections

The compounds of the height used in the manufacture of the pillars of their extensions. Build logs and timbers can be right next to a hidden spine, right next to the cross-cutting ridge vpoldereva Bolt, vpoldereva with mounting clamps, oblique prirubom with fastening strip steel, right next to the plates and mounting bolts. The length of the joints usually make equal to two or three thicknesses of the joined boards, two or three diameters of the joined boards.

Finger joint - this is the main type of compound in the manufacture of joinery. Tenons mating is obtained by over-cutting on a single bar of a spike, and the other eye, or nests. All connections are made with glue. Compound bars may be one, two or more spikes, and an increase in the number of spikes increases the area of bonding. Finger joint wooden parts can be angled end, the middle and angled corner drawer. Corner end finger joint is usually open through-tenon (with one, two or three), with a spike in the dark, through and dead-end.

The angular median used in the manufacture of doors.
Corner end interface is used in the binding of bars, shutters, transoms, air vents, doors and so on through the open spine knit wing bars, the thorn in the darkness or polupotemok - blocks the door, and for such a connection in the vertical bar of a selected slot. Angular medial finger joint may be a dead-end or cutting a tenon in the groove.
Corner end and the middle connection operates with beveled and folds, whose dimensions correspond to the size of the standardized cutting tools. Elements of wood can communicate bezvrubochnym way to Nagel, nails, screws, bolts.


corner joints

Nagelnye connection. Nog - a wooden or steel rod cylindrical or platelike. Front end of the Nagel should be handled on a truncated cone. The distance between the axes of cylindrical peg along the fibers of at least 7 diameters Nagel, across the grain diameter and -3.5 from the edge of the element (board-bar) - no less than 3 diameters. For oak dowel these dimensions can be respectively 6.3 and 2.5 diameter.
Holes for pins drilled right through all connecting wooden elements, pre-tightened bolts or other devices. Openings for Nagel, bolts must ensure their tight fit. The diameters of the holes for non-business (tie) bolt diameters are doing more of these bolts to 1-2 mm.

Oak plate pins connect the elements of composite beams, working on bending and compression with bending. In the absence of oak pins can be made from antiseptirovannoy birch.

Compound on the nails used in wooden structures - beams, partitions, panels, farms, etc. In the constructions made of hard wood, nails, 6 mm in diameter is recommended to score in the pre-drilled holes with a diameter equal to 0.9 diameter nail. The length of the hole should be at least 0.6 length of the nail.

Nails with a diameter of 2 dB, 2,5 mm, used in the construction of the larch wood, you should score near the edges and sides no closer than 40 mm in pre-drilled holes, and a diameter of up to 3,5 mm - the distance from the edge and end element of a 40 mm without drilling holes. Drive nails in the load-bearing structures have on the pattern.

In designs where the nails are working on pulling, the length of a clamped part should be at least two thicknesses of wood punctured element and at least 10 diameters of the nail.
In carpentry screws used for fixing of files and devices. Screw into wood with a screwdriver to tighten the waiver. In hard wood screws into pre-wrap holes drilled 0.9 diameter unthreaded part of the screw, and a length of 1 / 2 to 3 / 4 length of the screw. In order to better screw is screwed, it can be oiled machine or vegetable oil.

Door and window boxes, frames, sashes, doors
Door frames made of a whole bars or thick boards with thickness of 50-60 mm, width 100 mm or more, followed by rebating depth of the thickness of the door bars and the width from 15 to 30 mm. Bruschi is a link between direct or oblique spines. Instead of spikes details box can hold together long nails. It is much easier to manufacture boxes from the boards. For this planed planks (40-60 mm) and planed thickness of 10-20 mm. To form a quarter, to seal closely with boards with nails. In the presence of adhesive strength is desirable to closely stick and fasten with nails. Details of the box is collected on a nail.
Install the box vertically and horizontally, which should take the level and plumb. After checking the box it attaches to the wall with thick nails, steel studs or ruffs. If the house is made of a material where the nails do not come pre-made holes, punching their jumper or prosverlivaya electric drill with a tip of hard metal. In these holes insert wooden plugs. Strengthen the box for exterior doors garden shed should be durable. The gaps between the walls and a box of caulk dry or wet. Dry process - filling the gap dry tow, slag wool and glass wool with a seal. Dry method is more effective and consists of pre-wetting the tows or other materials in gypsum paste. The dough is prepared by 0,2-0,5 liters, due to its quick setting. The advantage of highly compacted konopatki that, grasping, gypsum expands tightly against the wall and bars, except for blowing.

Boxes for interior doors garden shed is usually light weight, they consist of three bars - two vertical and the top. Vertical bars are fixed to the floor or beam by means of direct spikes, which are satisfied in cakes and in the floor or beam operates nests under spikes. Box mounted to the wall with nails.

Window boxes are made of sticks or boards, ie, the same way as the door. Window boxes can be solid or individual. If two binding open inward, whole and individual boxes are doing so that the bindings were less than summer and winter freely opened.
In the window opening cottages separate box should be installed so that they were at a distance of 100-150 mm apart. In boxes of cakes make a quarter of a depth of 15 to 25 mm, a width equal to the thickness of the bars binding. In the outer box on the street side to select a small groove depth 10 mm, 20 mm wide, which is inserted and attached drain from the roof steel. In the bottom bar of the winter quarter of the box to select the depth of 10-20 mm, which is necessary to install window sill or window sill. Window boxes set vertically and horizontally. Fasten window boxes as well as the door. After installing and fixing their caulk, better wet and trowel off the slopes.

Fabrication and installation of casings. To close the gaps between the frame and the wall to the door or a window box put the frames. At the door frames are fixed to the casing on both sides. Trims can be simple in design, as well as carving and cutting. Window frames, made a good artistic level, enrich the architecture of garden shed and even a model may look like an original in a position to rest and good mood. Folk architecture has many examples of successful solutions that part of the houses, giving them a fabulous view.
Details casings must tightly abut each other. Attach them to the door or a window box so that they retreated from the edge of the box on the 5-15 mm. Nails used for attaching a length of 75 mm, flattened utaplivaya their hats into the timber for 3-5 mm. Door trims set to the floor or indented from him on 150-250 mm. At the bottom of the remaining space is closed thick blanks - a bedside table. This prevents the casing from the rapid wear and gives it more beautiful. In window opening trim put up to the window sill.

Manufacturer of bindings. Casements windows garden houses can be a standard, manufactured at the enterprises of the construction industry, as well as individual, executed on their own projects. They can be an entire frame, gorbylkami divided into several parts of the two wings or two wings and transoms. Frame and casement sashes can be with or without a window leaf. Sometimes pane replaces the opening transom.
For the manufacture of binders better dry wood of conifers. Durable bindings from oak wood, but they are very complicated and their implementation is possible with the mechanical tools (saws, power planer).

Binders consist of bars and gorbylkov rectangular, sometimes square in shape with the selected quarters of the small size of glasses. Connecting rods and gorbylki with each other by means of studs and eyelets or pins and sockets.

Procedure for making bars next. Initially planed one side of the bar, and then spend the gauge risks (thin lines) on the second and third sides, and from them planed the fourth side. After that, a square planed second side, and her cause risks to the chip of a third party.

In the garden houses often dull bindings from rectangular bars. They consist of a top, bottom and two vertical bars and two gorbylkov (horizontal and vertical), which divide the cover into separate parts or glass. In the corner nodes of bars connected by a double studs and eyelets, and in the middle sites - spine and the socket. For this purpose, vystrogannyh sticks carried risks of using the gauge, or combs for studs, lugs, sockets, grooves, determine the width of trim bars at the joints on the condition. " The width of the bar of risks cause by gon. On the vertical sticks make eye on the horizontal - thorns.

Risk to saw through wood studs and eyelets. Zapilovku should be done very carefully as possible biases and inconsistency studs and eyelets. Large spikes can lead to splitting of bars and thin - to the fragile connections.

Zapilivaya studs and eyelets, should observe the following rules: Saw should go about the risks, but the risk should not be affected, with zapilovke thorns cut line runs from the outer side of the spine, while zapilovke lug - from the inside.

Gash studs and eyelets on the sides of each stud detail, cut down his cheeks hollow and useless wood between the studs, removing the chip thickness of not more than 0,5 mm. Do not cut down eyelets cheeks, and choose the wood in two propylene, ie, between the severe and moderate cut. Then smooth out the nest, lugs and studs, are selected folds, and if necessary, and beaded. Width of the rebate must meet the edge of the tongue and eyelets, and they should be in the same plane and do not require additional corrections.

After picking seam width lugs and studs is different, and they are tightly adjacent to each other. To avoid this, serving in places studs and eyelets of the timber cut on the condition "at an angle of 45 °.

If the studs are tight eye, they should be cleaned a little chisel, chamfer. After assembling the cover check for squareness by using triangle and rail, putting it on the diagonal. After checking the details of the binding of labeled, dismantle and sobioayut finally glued. Hardcover check on an angled, fixed in the clamps, drilled holes in the joints 8-10 mm in diameter and clog them with glue pins. After drying, cut down protruding pins and sanded. Folds must be strictly in one plane. If not, they smooth out with a chisel. For strength in the corners of binding blocks may be stitched triangles.

On the outer side of the lower bar of bindings or leaflets put ebb in the form of protruding bars, which attach to the oil paint. Bottom of the tide should pick the groove - drip.
Bindings of bars beveled. Such binders are generally lighter and more graceful. Their performance differs little from the techniques described above. Initially planed rectangular bars, spend the risks for studs, lugs, sockets, grooves and bevels. Then zapilivayut studs, eyelets and selected folds, wood of thorns and eyelets, hollow sockets, and only then are chamfered or take beaded. The remaining operations are performed in the same sequence as in the assembly bindings.

Cover with window leaf operates as usual, and only for the window in the sticks and pick-quarters impose additional bars. For cottages often do vents opening inwards, so as externally suit iron bars. In the presence of the shutter vents can be opened outwards. If the pane opens into the room, quarters can be overlaid by attaching lath with nails or screws. If the pane opens outward, are available in a binder folds deepen a chisel to fit window and put an extra block.
Vents have a sleek porch and a quarter, or baffle, with lowers purging. Quarter vystrugivayut and naplav stuffed from individual strips. Wicket tally to single spikes, which are also satisfied in the horizontal bar.

Vents that open in opposite directions, arrange the same size opening in one direction - a different, given the passage of a single through the hole on the other.

Production of doors. Doors are odnopolnye with web width of 600 to 1100 mm, polutorapolnye, width 1474 mm, and dvuhpolnye width from 1474 until 1874 mm, consisting of two paintings of equal width. Door height from 2000 to 12300 mm.
Doors By their construction framework and panel. Supporting doors consist of binding (bars) and aggregates (panels). Manufacturing door frame - time-consuming occupation, but also requires high-grade material, consumption of wood is two times larger than the door panel construction, which limits their application.
Flush doors are framed, midway filled with various designs, lined on both sides with plywood or solid fibreboard 3-4 mm thick. Linens doors have good sound insulation qualities, strong, Form-stable, hygienic and easy to operate.

To appoint distinguished interior and exterior doors, and in appearance - dull and glazed. Manufactures door with a facing or without it. Door frames can be one-and dvupolnye, right and left. Flush doors are usually with a solid, melkopustotnym and honeycomb fabrics. Doors and entrance into the house do with a solid filling seredinok. Linens doors are made of 40 mm.

Technological process of manufacturing panelboard door assembly consists of the following: manufacture frames and filler (midway Shield), filling the frame, cut a facing material, bonding shields the door, the processing boards around the perimeter, setting the plates and layouts, making door frames, hanging doors in a box; finish doors.
The door to the key is simple to manufacture, durable and maloteploprovodna. Collect it from the planed boards in thicknesses from 40 to 50 mm on the edges of which are choosing a quarter or dowels. Completed boards are laid in a row, align, impact, causing risks for grooving under the pins. Grooves should be selected on the cone depth 1/2-1/4 thick boards. At the bottom of the grooves shall have a width of 50 mm at the top - 35 mm. Performance technique groove next. 45 ° saw or hacksaw, the risks do first one then a second drunk at the desired depth. On the one hand propyl make wider, on the other - even at 10-20 mm. In order to cut the corner on all the boards was 45 °, use the bar with the appropriate angle, which is fixed around the groove. Wood chisel after cutting pick, lining the bottom of the groove. Wedges are made of bars that are equal to the thickness of the boards of the door or thicker and longer than its width at the 100-150 mm. Dowel is shaped groove executed.
When the door of thick dowel stronger, less warped, so thin wedges should not be used. Initially the board to collect pins temporarily mark inaccuracies selected pins and customize the board. After that, pins pierce again, but to limit and cut off the cone. Put pins often without glue.

The doors of the racks are simple to manufacture and do not require material of high grades. Bars used in thicknesses from 40 to 60 mm widths. The extreme parties, where the loops are attached and slam locks, it is desirable to take a one-piece sticks, the middle part can be of bars of different lengths. These doors should oblitsevat plywood or fibreboard, which glued or fastened with nails, screws. In the presence of smooth continuous billet door rails and can not are faced with, and have a natural look, coated with lacquer. The last time these doors are often found in urban construction.

Bars stick together, and for the strength of connecting pins of solid wood species. The length of the dowel should be about 10 mm shorter than the drilled holes. Each block, depending on the length of the attach two or three pins.

The doors of the bars should be performed in sequence. Initially planed bars only those parties that will be glued. Then drill a hole, put Nagel, collect door dry, correct any inaccuracies and labeled. After this rail labeled, dismantle the door and collect on the adhesive. After drying, the doors planed on both sides and glued facing material.
Framed doors on the nails used in garden shed for individual rooms, kitchen, pantry, etc. The size of doors can be different. To manufacture them take bars 40X40 or 50X50 mm. In the absence of the required material, you can use closely, glued, or knocking parts of nails. The ends of bars appropriate to take a width of 60-80 mm and the inner, more subtle, with an arrangement by 150-200 mm. These bars are fixed between the vertical bars with nails in the grooves, pre-selected, the depth of 5-10 mm. Horizontal bars are needed to make the door rigidity and protection from subsidence.

Frame veneer on both sides with plywood or hardboard sheets with nails or screws which utaplivayut 2-3 mm. Door to make the size of the box.
The disadvantage of this design is that the edges of plywood chips, wood fiber and shaggy. To avoid this, the edges of doors at the ends lag width of 5-10 mm.

Attachment of the bindings and doors
Hang the doors and casements are best with removable hinge left and right. Statement following the loop sequence. Puts the noose to the sash or door at a distance from the edge equal to the length of the loop. Scheduled place for wings. Chisel cut timber on the thickness of the card and screw tight loop of the screw so that the axis of the loop was parallel to the edge of the bar.
Consolidating the two hinges on the wing or door to open, puts to the box, tightly clutching the top bars, and the outline for the showdown, leaving the risks of a loop at a quarter of the box. Risk choose wood under the card loops scheduled places for screws, screw tight loop of a screw and check how concealed door or door.
If you do not want to fix, enhance all screws.
For a garden shed, where the rooms are small, convenient sliding doors, which do not interfere with furniture arrangement. For these purposes the most suitable lightweight frame door, collected from the bars of a thickness of 25-30 mm and 40-50 mm wide, lined on both sides. The width of the upper and lower bars, which attach construction with roller - 40-90 mm. Inside the frame rails pose stiffness on the level of fixing the door handle.
For doors manufactured rollers with a diameter of 10-20 mm and a thickness of 5-10 mm from any material with a flat groove or ridge in the middle. The rollers move along the rail. If as a guide using an iron rod, its one side stitch for the best fit to the floor. Guide operates from a corner or a small section of the metal U-shaped, or, finally, choose the slot in the floor, and strengthening of the edges of metal strips.
Rollers inserted between two metal plates that attach to the cage door. Between the cheeks emphasize such a thickness that is inserted roller to rotate freely. And the guide should be twice the length of the door.

The door can move not only along the bottom, but the upper track of the angular metal, metal U-shaped or other profile. In this case, the door is raised above the floor level of 5-10 mm or more. Lower track fastened to the wall or floor does not do.
Can strengthen the door so that the rollers were moving across the floor, but for this floor should be well prostrogat and set the upper guide