Buildings and landscaping of garden plot is largely predetermined by its topography. In one case, a flat area or with a slight bias, which is difficult to determine, without instruments, in the other - perceived by eye deviation in one direction or another, and the third - slope of the ravine, ravines or mountain views. In order to properly accommodate all the buildings on the site, as well as elements of accomplishment, you must be aware of the elevation of any part of your garden.
Usually Gardener's Association takes care to have a topographic survey of the site. Then mark the corners of your site and can be horizontal, with sufficient accuracy to take an overall plan of a garden site, or by determining the location of your site, put it on the picture. The latter case is preferable, as there are always shooting at the camera angle with the vertical marks that will help to more accurately characterize the topography of your site.
Tochograficheskaya survey to develop a draft plan and other project documentation is usually done on a scale of 1: 2000, and for drafting the organization of relief or grading of the slopes at the site requires a scale of 1: 250. Contour interval on a scale of 1: 2000 was adopted as a rule, in 0,5 m and for a garden site, depending on the grade - a 0.25 or 0.10 m. To determine the mark corners of a garden site, you must install a point of the angle between the horizontal lines , connect a line through this corner, two horizontal and by interpolation to find the mark.
Similarly, we can find and mark the angle from the horizontal 115.5, defining in this case, as far as the corner is located below the horizontal.
This method determines the mark of the existing terrain garden shed, barn, different paths, playgrounds and other items placed on the ground.
In the absence of topographic mapping in the area it can be done by using simple tools - building level, leveling rack and tripod from the camera. To the building level to one end face of the plate is attached to the eye - ocular, and another - the pin-fly. Leveling rail height of 2-2,5 meters are made of flat slats of thickness 30-40 mm, which rascherchivayut to 10 cm, and each division in turn painted stripes in black and white. In the absence of paint can be made from strips of black and white paper, stick them on the rail. To capture can produce two identical strips, but you can do the same.
For vertical shooting the best site with the help of pegs divided into squares with sides 5 \ 5 m. These squares should be applied on the tablet or a sheet of paper on a scale 1: 250 (can be different, but large enough) to make recordings right on the drawing .
A slight variation in elevation within the site all the vertical shooting can be produced from a single point. For this, a tripod with a level horizontally mounted on one of the points marked on a plot peg. Survey carried out two or three. One is a level-leveling, and another - with the rails. Rail alternately put some poles and located at level-leveling at each point determines the height from the ground to the horizontal beam coming from the specified level. For convenience, the rail should write to the height from the bottom rail, taken as 0.00 to 2.00 or 2.50. Vertical Datum of rail should be written about the corresponding point on the drawing. Reiko also determine the height of film-making tool, writing it on the drawing near the point of standing. Found notes show excess, taking into account the height of the instrument. To determine how a single point above or below another, you must subtract the smaller from the larger value of the mark. Lei passes between the points. Next, determine where transmission contours. For this, first find out how much above or below the horizontal passes and then find the distance and lay on the drawing. Such an action is performed on both points, if it takes several points between contour lines, and one of the points if between two points is a horizontal line.
The above example refers to shooting a rather flat area with a common difference between the highest and lowest angles of up to 1.50 m. The large differences in elevation on the site and especially on the slopes to make vertical shooting with a single point does not seem possible. In this case, dividing the area into squares, it is possible for the middle of the area to pave the leveling course with a set of readings on the leveling rod. Excess of one point over another is defined as the difference in readings taken from a parking-leveling level. When laying leveling the excess is determined by subtracting from the count on the rear frame rail to rail, located in the direction of travel or the front rail. Doing speed and dial readings on the rail on the tablet, respectively, determine the excess. To find marks the first point (it is fixed an iron spike, hammered into the ground) is considered the original, taking in any number, count the marks on the site about this point, and applied horizontally.
The resulting shot and caused the horizontal orientation allows for placement of garden shed at the site, other elements of the garden site, including the terracing area with a large slope, irrigation, horticultural crops, diversion of surface water.
Relief organization in the area to some extent predetermined by planting a garden house on the terrain. Depending on the magnitude and direction of the slope variations of landing the building on the relief and diversion of surface water from it can be different.
In one case, relief is around the building contributes to the natural flow of the building and landing on the terrain, in the other - should be the device of slopes due to cut-off bank filling, retaining walls at some distance from the house or a house wall, combined with a retaining wall.
Landing of the building to carry out relief in the following sequence.
In the figure, which plots the size of garden shed, say relief angles of the house without changing the so-called black mark. They show the elevation within the building, so if you need to increase its base, or excavation work, not to increase the cost to the foundation.
Perform the next step in this sequence. Provides opportunities for the amount of cutting and bank filling of soil on the basis that the foundation should be buried in the natural soil to not less than 0.50 m. In this case, the lowest mark accepted for the initial calculation of the mark of sex determination and design mark corner of the building.
After determining the angles of the building say the project marks the relief around him so that the melted water and sediments washed foundation. The minimum slope shall be not less than 0.004, or 0.4%, ie 4 mm at 1 m distance. Slopes formed by the truncation or bank filling can be 1:1, 1:2, depending on soil conditions. For heavy soils can hold more than steep slopes, to the lungs - are flat. In all cases, slope should be covered by a layer of fertile land with odernovkoy grass, flower bed unit, and on the flat - berry.
Organization of relief around the house should be linked to the organization of general relief at the site. If the site is located in the area with slopes up to 10%, the relief organization, as a rule, does not require significant excavation and special works. While in sloping areas the entire planning area is subject to vertical layout of the site, the organization of the terraces with the device of slopes or retaining walls of varying heights. In this case, be sure to develop a special drawing of the project: the vertical layout of the site, which shows all the marks of buildings, location of the slopes, their sizes, slopes along the paths, retaining walls and their grades, stairs, etc. If the irrigation area is planned from irrigation ditches or canals, it should show the figure to stay the irrigation network.
Terraces on the site is better placed parallel to the contour or across the slope. In some cases they may be across land or along it. Dimensions of the terraces slopes or retaining walls depend on the slope of the site. Steepness of the slope with little terrace to do wide with a height of retaining walls or embankments 0,5-0,7 m. In the slope area to 30 ° obtained by narrow terraces and are designed to fit a number of trees, Device beds for vegetables, flowers, currant bushes, raspberry etc. For the proper organization of hillside terraces, with shooting, it's best for visibility to make a vertical incision site on the slope, which will accurately determine the number of terraces in the area taking into account the placement of garden shed, barn, toilet, summer shower, etc.
In the design should take into account that the terrace is not always necessary to run through the entire site. And in one part of the site can be one of their number, but on the other - the other, which is determined by how different bias even within a single site, and the needs of wide elements placed garden. So, for gazebos require a wider flat area than for the soul. In organizing the relief of the earth from under the foundations, cellar, pit or drainage holes should be placed on the site. For this we need to prioritize the works.
Ground at a vertical layout can be to throw hand at a distance of 4-5 meters or transported in a wheelbarrow and moved to a stretcher. Terraces and slopes, formed from the soil should cover the fertile soil layer thickness of not less than 15 cm at planting vegetables, flowers, trees and shrubs. On the slopes, where it is assumed planting grass, the mold can be limited to 10 cm device terraces should be carried out in autumn or early spring with a rammer soil
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